Commercialism in Schools Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Corporate greed in Schools - Research Paper Example expansion, it is just normal to need to have more and if schools could pick up by creating associations with trade, they needed to attempt to get the additional items to offer more to the school and understudies. In this manner, the patterns for corporate greed in schools kept on introducing an expansion, in spite of much discussion and analysis. State councils and school managers did in the long run present a few standards intended to guarantee that business organizations in which schools drew in stayed inside moral cutoff points to guarantee that no mischief to understudies resulted. Be that as it may, corporate greed in schools is available to imagination and some even venture to such an extreme as to suggest business organizations for schools. This exposition presents a conversation about the corporate greed in schools marvel and reasons that it is feasible for schools to go into sound organizations with trade that advantage everybody. Corporate greed in instructive foundations isn't something that is new and it had been ordinarily found and routinely acknowledged in schools in the United States of America from times before the mid 1990s (Washington Office of the State Superintendent of Public Instruction, 1991). The recently refered to report proposes that state councils inside the United States of America had been worried about the marvel since the mid 1990s and attempted to inspect the effect of corporate greed in schools on understudies and their training. Be that as it may, as per (Molnar, 2006), the corporate greed marvel in schools in the United States of America, Canada and in different pieces of the world had taken a forceful turn from that point forward, preceding declining to some degree towards the year's end 2006. Scientists proposed that an interminable lack of assets for schools was the purpose behind corporate greed in schools. Larson (2002) recommends that in spite of the worries communicated by th e state councils in the United States of America, organizations had been progressively making advances into the study halls of the underfunded schools in the nation.

University of Phoenix Material Essay Example for Free

College of Phoenix Material Essay My own will probably get my Bachelors Degree in Hospital Administration. I have picked the University of Phoenix as the school to go to acquire my degree. During these initial scarcely any weeks I have utilized a few unique apparatuses to assist me with understanding my profession advantages, abilities, and my vocation morals. These instruments have repeated what I definitely thought about myself yet have likewise caused me to reevaluate a portion of my instruction/profession objectives. Substance and Development (70 focuses) Focuses Earned: X/70 Assets: Vocation Interests Profiler results My Career Plan Building Activity: Competencies results Your SMART objectives, including those recognized on the University of Phoenix Material: Goal Setting Instruments: Test Outline in the CWE MyFoundationsLab: The Writing Process MyFoundationsLab: Prewriting MyFoundationsLab: Developing and Organizing a Paragraph MyFoundationsLab: The Topic Sentence MyFoundationsLab: Recognizing a Paragraph Think about your outcomes from the Career Interest Profiler movement and Career Plan Building Activity: Competencies. Complete the University of Phoenix Material: Outline and Introductory Paragraph Worksheet. In your layout and presentation, think about the accompanying: Your own instructive and profession objectives. By what means should your profession advantages and abilities help direct you in your own scholarly excursion? In what capacity may you utilize your own morals, your My Career Plan abilities and thinking bent outcomes to direct your scholarly excursion as you work through your program? Mechanics (30 point) Focuses Earned: X/30 Suitable tone is utilized. Sentences are finished and clear. Spelling is right. Complete (100 focuses) Focuses Earned: X/5 In general Comments:

Marketing †Delta Faucets Free Essays

Delta Faucets †Final Project One of the most extravagant and choice brands in the realm of spigots and washroom fittings is Delta Faucets. The marking of Delta has been a truly amazing procedure †it focuses on the most noteworthy specialty of the market with its items that have the most noteworthy completion and mechanical advancement. It is convincing to figure how innovation could be presented in restroom fittings and fixtures. We will compose a custom exposition test on Promoting †Delta Faucets or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now Delta spigots are inserted with mechanically imaginative thoughts and in this manner are particular in nature from the entirety of its rival items. Advertising Mix Analysis Overview Established in 1954 as a home improvement and building items, Delta Faucet Company is an auxiliary of Masco Corporation. This organization is perhaps the biggest producer of home fittings and building items. The organization has been extremely imaginative in the fixtures business and its business reasoning has caused it to embrace a creative way to deal with the conventional business of assembling home fittings. The organization makes a wide scope of home fitting items however separated from that, it has a rundown of protected structures and items surprisingly. This incorporates an assortment of advancement advances and inventive thoughts that have prompted spigots being more shrewd than simply customary home fittings. Directed unmistakably for corporate workplaces and stunning homes, Delta Faucet items are not for the common individuals. The items promoting effort is similarly dazzling but then basic. The site of the organization shows the creative thoughts that have been the explanation behind its achievement in the business and a focused on showcasing procedure for corporate workplaces has been the way in to its recognition from different items in the commercial center. This paper will investigate the promoting blend of Delta Faucets and analyze the various components of its showcasing procedure that have been essential to its prosperity. Item Delta Faucet items are home fittings and building materials that just oppose the show. The results of Delta Faucet are esteem included that they are the aftereffect of advancement and mechanical inserting †Delta Faucets empowering it to be the market chief in imaginative spigots and fittings patent the greater part of these plans. The item comes in rich bundling be that as it may, since Delta Faucet sharpens the â€Å"green† worldview, the bundling is biodegradable yet figures out how to give the purchaser an impeccable picture well. Evaluating Bathroom fittings and kitchen fittings that cost as much as tire vehicles are the standard for Delta Faucet items. It ought to be recollected that Delta doesn't focus on a huge populace †rather it skims the top most section of the market. It would prefer to be that Delta Faucets are utilized for corporate restrooms than for private home fittings (Etzel, Walker, Walker Stanton, 2003). Delta Faucet costs well over its closest rivals empowering it to come to the premiums of high valuing. Position Delta Faucet isn't shy of outlets for setting its fixtures. It works in excess of 53 nations utilizing a productive gracefully chain coordinate with decreased lead-time. The organization has a broad system of wholesalers and retailers that sell Delta Faucets items all through North America and Europe. The utilization of data frameworks in its flexibly chain arrange has been one of the most grounded in addition to factors for Delta Faucet empowering it to reinforce its situation methodologies (Pelyco, 2003). Special Mix Delta Faucet figures out how to showcase its items utilizing an assortment of techniques: despite being an extravagance item, Delta Faucet has had the option to mix its interest throughout the years utilizing corporate magazine promoting as the essential instrument (About Delta, 2009). A blend of viral showcasing among the corporate world (through secretaries of officials) is the most endless supply of advancement at Delta Faucets. It additionally houses stunning showrooms and show places for the individuals that are flourished by physical showcasing and the â€Å"touch and feel† of things. It is maybe this technique that is the most predictable with Delta Faucets. In general, Delta Faucet has been inescapable in its showcasing and limited time procedures. It has strived to ensure that it is picked by the first class segment of the general public by continually harping on copyright innovation and advancement. Delta Faucet ventures itself as a brand that is for the world class; keeping this into see, it very well may be presumed that the cost and limited time procedure of the item are well couple with the items picture and nature (Pride Ferrell, 2007). Delta Faucet needs no correction of its showcasing procedure: it just needs to expand its perspectives. Abandoning a lovely item to an extravagance item high sought after among more extensive world class would be a superior methodology for the organization †and this is the thing that Delta Faucets ought to be peering toward for sooner rather than later so as to contrast its rivals in this searing time of globalization and grow its productivity. References About Delta (2009). Delta Faucet Company: Who right? Recovered on December 15, 2009 from: http://www. deltafaucetcompany. com/organization/whoweare. html Etzel, M. J. , Walker, B. J. , Walker, S. , Stanton, W. J. (2000). Advertising. New York: McGraw-Hill Education. Pelyco (2003). Delta Faucet Company makes proceeded with progress with Peyco Supply Chain perceivability arrangement. Recovered on December 15, 2009 from: http://www. pelyco. com/press_release_02_20_03. htm Pride, W. , Ferrell, O. C. (2007). Establishments of Marketing: Revised Second Edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. The most effective method to refer to Marketing †Delta Faucets, Essay models

The Malaysian Legal System - Free Essay Example

1. INTRODUCTION Malaya obtained independence on August 31, 1957 from British colonial rule. Malaysia was established in September 16, 1963. It is made up with 13 states and three federal territories components. Malaysia belongs to a parliamentary monarchy. The supreme head of the country is called the Yang Di-Pertuan Agong ¼Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  YDPA ¼Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ °. YDPA is selected by rotation from the council of rulers. The government is made up of the House of Representatives or the coalition, and the leader is called the prime minister. The government can provide a stable social environment in the process of industrialization. The branches of government are Legislative, Executive and Judiciary. Each has its own role, and they do not overlap. The Legislature can be driven into two parts: Federal level and State level. The Executive also has the same parts. The Judiciary has different several levels. With the development of economic, it will be very beneficial to the democratic process. 2. MAIN BODY 2.1 LEGISLATIVE 2.1.1 FEDERAL LEVEL The Federal Level includes YDPA, the Senate and the House of Repres entative. The first important point is the Yang Di-Pertuan Agong ¼Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  YDPA ¼Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ °. YDPA YDPA is the supreme head of the country and can hold the post for five years. If he withdraws from the position or death or has other situations, the period will be shortened. The selection has several different standards. For example, YDPA must be selected by rotation from the Council of Rulers. One of the important is receiving more the councilà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s membersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ support. Of course, YDPA has discretionary power. He can ask for the meeting of ruler council and appoints prime minister according to his desire. The Senate The second important point is the Senate. It is made up of 69 members. They are chosen from different position. Two of them come from the state legislative assembly, and most of them are chosen by YDPA. They can debate and check on the bills which are already passed by the House of Representative. But if they do not attend the meeting more than 6 months without reasonable explanation or permission, their rights will be deprived. The House of Representative The third important point is the House of Representative. The members here are known as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Yang Berhormatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . The members are more than the Senate, and has 193 members. They responsible for drawing up the bills and debate with them. If they also do not attend the meeting, they will have the same result. Of course, if they do not work, they can write a resignation letter to the Yang Di-pertuan House of representative. 2.1.2 STATE LEVEL Rulers The Ruler is the head of thestate, and hemanages the relevant things which in his own state. Themain functions of the ruler is to existence the states legislative assembly with the decision, when it is necessary, he will have the right to dissolve the state legislative assembly.At the same time, he has an importantauthority to appoint and remove the chief minis ter. In addition, he has the responsibility to lead the Islamic religion or local custom. Besides, a state which does not have a Ruler can be called Yang Diperdua Negeri. State Legislation Assembly About the State Legislative Assembly information, 13 states have their own State Legislative Assembly and so far there have been more than 20 years. State Legislative Assemblyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s responsible for drafting the copy and discussed, improve the draft and cannot represent more than one voterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s opinion. Also be known as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Yang Berhormatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Strictly in accordance with the provisions of, can the very good driving power of State Legislative Assembly, to become better. 2.2 EXECUTIVE 2.2.1 FEDERAL LEVEL YDPA YDPA is the head of the country supreme that we already discussed. Council of the Rulers Next is Council of the Rulers, it consists of all rulers as members and the function of the Council of the Ruler is that Eve ry five years selected YDPA, the members of the council of the rulers can vote to choose the YDPA and also can depose the YDPA which does not give the contribution to the country, but only the hereditary ruler has the right to vote the YDPA. Except that, the Parliament also has a duty to protect the legal status of the Malay and Islam. Prime Minister and Ministers The third component is Prime Minister and Ministers. It is the leader of the administrative office in Malaysia, chosen by the YDPA and the YDPA must appoint a member of the House of Commons which has congressional majority support as prime minister. In addition, the minister is proposed by the prime minister then the YDPA decided to select him to help the prime minister to participate in decision-making, at the same time, the minister and his departments need to perform the orders of their superior. Cabinet Cabinet is an administrative agencyof the Malaysian government, the subordinate of cabinet can be divided into many departments, and each department has to exercise their relevant responsibilities also they have a common duty. At the same time, the cabinet can determine the governments policies. Besides, the cabinet members must be elected from the congress, the YDPA will be according to the list, whichsubmittedby the prime minister to choose the cabinet ministers and deputy ministers, cabinet ministers hold the cabinet meeting every Wednesday on a regular basis. 2.2.2 STATE LEVEL Rulers or YDN The first one is Ruler/Sultan or Yang Dipertua Negeri (YDN). The other parts we already discussed. Menter Besar or Chief Minister The chief minister is a state-level administrative leader of government, he was appointed by the ruler. The chief minister has the responsibility for carrying out the Rulers orders. At the same time, the chief minister can put forward some suggestions and countermeasures. Meanwhile,he also has the decision to the relevant policies within the state.In ad dition, he can appoint or dismiss his subordinate department members from his post. State Executive Council The State Executive Council is similar to the Cabinet at the Federal Level.The Ruler of the State appoints firstly the chief ministers from the members of the Legislative Assembly who in his opinions is likely to command the majority of the members of the assembly.Then the Ruler appoints members of the Executive Council in consultation with the chief ministers. And the State Executive Council has the authority to make policies and implement them, at the same time its members follow the principle of common responsibility. 2.3 JUDICIARY TheJudiciary is the system ofcourts, it is the name of the statewhich is interpreted and applies thelaw. That is based on the equality debate of prosecutor and defendant. Superior Courts Federal Court It is the highest court in Malaysia. The president of the Federal Court, the president of the Court of Appeal and Malaysia jud ge, Sabah Sarawak judge and the other seven Federal Court judges are seated in it. There is only one Federal Court and Court of Appeal, but each of the state has its own high court. And the Federal Court hears appeals from the Court of Appeal and High Court. On the other hand, the Court of Appeal has three judges, it hears appeals from the High Court and it can also hear appeals from the Sessions Court, if the case is in the public interest. High Court TheHigh CourtsinMalaysiaare the third-highest courts in the hierarchy ofcourts, after theFederal Courtand theCourt of Appeal. And it has forty-seven judges in Malaya and ten judges in Sabah and Sarawak. It has unlimited Civil Jurisdiction, and it hears the matters Bankruptcy and winding up of the companies The marriage (divorce) Injunctions, specific performance Syariah Court There is a system of State Syariah Court, which has limited jurisdiction over matters of state Islamic law. And the Syariah Court has jurisdiction just over matters related to Muslim. There is also no more than three years imprisonment. Subordinate Courts. Both of the sessions courts and magistrates courts are focused on criminal and civil matters, Sessions Court It is responsible for adjudicating matters related to criminal cases, especially the murders, theft, and other such cases, but except punishment by death. Magistrate Court It is divided into two parts, First class and Second class magistrates. But the Second Class Magistrates are not appointed now. In the criminal matters, First Class Magistratesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Courts have the power to make sure that all agencies imprisonment no more than 10 years. 2.4 CHINA 2.4.1 LEGISLATIVE Compared with the legislative system in Malaysia, Chinas Legislative System is single. China is a country of all rights belong to the people, the people exercise their rights institution is National Peoples Congress (NPC). The NPC is the highest organ of state power. Held once a year, representatives from the provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions elected to participate, each persons term of office is five years. More than half said the decisions in favor of the establishment, allowing the country to promote the implementation. 2.4.2 EXECUTIVE The central government: The Highest Administrative office in China is called the State Council; the main function of the State Council is that to execute the command of the authority office. Besides, the head of the State Council is the prime minister, and the State Council is made up of the prime minister, vice-premier and each department ministers. The vice-premier and each department ministers are responsible to the prime minister. The Prime minister can be in office five years, and he can be chose by the National Peoples Congress. In addition, the power of the prime minister is the final authority of decisions, and decide the appointment of the vice-premier and each department ministers. The Local government: Provincial governors are the head of the province also is the head of the local government. The main function of the provincial governor is that to put forward the development plans and promote urban construction. The provincial governor also can work for five years and they have the similar work to the prime minister, but they just focus on their own province. And the Vice-provincial governors are acting as the adviser of the provincial governors. 2.4.3 JUDICIARY Adjudication Organ The Supreme Court of the Peoples republic of china is the Highest Judicial Organ. The Local Peoples courts are divided into three: the Grassroots Peoples Courts, the Intermediate Peoples Court, the Supreme Peoples Court. Pro-curatorial Organ Peoples Procuratorate for legal supervision countries . Peoples Procuration of the Peoples Court in accordance with the level of control of the establishment, in addition to the municipality control Intermediate Peoples Court set up, at all levels, said the Peoples Procuration. But also the establishment of the military Procuration and railway transportation Protectorate and other specialized Procuration. Public Security Organs The state of the investigating authorities, and to assume the maintenance of public order, civil dispute mediation and other quasi-judicial functions. State Security Organ The National Security Authorities relatively independent. Responsible for anti-power and key places to defend the transaction. The National Prison System The correct execution of the Prison Sentences Mission is to punish and rehabilitate offenders, in order to achieve the purpose of preventing and reducing criminals. Compared with China First of all, because of the different historical background, Malaysia and Chinas po litical system also has differed. Belongs to the republic of China, the Chinese government is the Peoples Congress System, belongs to a Parliamentary Republic. Ruled by Britain and Malaysia for a long time, belong to the Common Law Legal System. In Chinas constitution, China is a country of the Peoples Democratic Dictatorship, all power belongs to the people of the country, the people can through various channels and forms, the national, economic, cultural and social affairs management. Especially the election of the President in the next 5 years, citizens under the age of 18, regardless of nationality, race, sex, occupation, family background, religious belief, education, property status, living period, has the right to vote and the right to vote. Reflected in the equal legal authority. China as a Socialist Country. Developing socialist democracy, improve the socialist law, gradually realize the industry, agriculture, national defense and the modernization of science and technology , so I think the Chinese system more humanized. 3. CONCLUSION Malaysia as a country with a constitutional monarchy, as in the maintenance of Parliamentary Democracy, at the same time also respects the Malay variety of cultures, to a certain extent for the tourism development of later also brought a good opportunity. Second, economically, Malaysia by the original on the basis of agricultural economy, into a predominantly manufacturing and industrial economy, especially on the computer and consumer electronics products have greatly improved. Malaysia is from an ordinary developing countries into an emerging industrialized countries. Finally, in politics, Malaysia also has a pivotal position in Asian countries, is the worlds 17th largest trading nation. With China and other countries also have close relations of cooperation is the first largest trade partner of China and Sean. Word count: 2183 1

Assignment Application Of Organizational Behavior

Module 1: Application of Organizational Behavior There are many reasons individuals are grouped to share in a common purpose. These can be informal and short in duration, or formal relationships that may span a lifetime. The attitudes and actions of individuals toward one another have an impact on the relationships and performance when they are interacting. Observing the interactions for things such as; participation, decision making ability, managing conflict, and leadership are part of group process. Developing strategies for effectively working together to overcome challenges in problem solving, allows members to function at their best, as an individual, and places the highest potential for the group to succeed. The Applied Organizational Leadership (AOL) group #248, has begun a journey of discovery for new knowledge that will highlight their current level of ability as well as explore developmental opportunities within each member for successful working in group. 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The Death Penalty Should Be Abolished - 1192 Words

No Death Penalty Capital crime is something that is meant for people that are found guilty of committing a serious crime, such as murder, rape, or theft. These are offences that should not be taken lightly but by killing the offender, the government is carrying about the action that they are trying to prevent. Also, the wrong person may be sentenced to death. After this person is executed, there is obviously nothing that can be done for the terrible mistake to be reversed. The death penalty should be abolished because it is more expensive than life imprisonment, numerous innocent people are condemned to death row, and it is cruel and inhumane. I don’t support the death penalty because it shows just how savage humans can be with each other. However, many Americans support the death penalty for a number of reasons. After someone’s loved one is murdered, the family immediately has thoughts about killing the offender. They feel like it’s the right thing to do after their loved one has been taken away from them and that the person that committed the crime should suffer as their loved one had to. They feel like justice has been served and that they can continue on with their daily lives. What they all fail to realize is that by killing the offender, their loved one is not going to come and knock on their doors and everything return to normal. The death penalty is very costly to not only the government, but also society. The death penalty has no benefits at all and should beShow MoreRelatedShould The Death Penalty Be Abolished?. The Death Penalty982 Words   |  4 PagesShould the death penalty be abolished? The death penalty is a â€Å"term that applies to capital punishment and is the worst penalty given for committing a murder or an atrocious assault.† (Black s Law Dictionary). Death penalty has been a part of human society and is legally approved for centuries. 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Ethnography of performance Essay Example For Students

Ethnography of performance Essay During a musical performance many elements to be looked are not easily recognized by the average critic. A musical performance has multiple interactions taking place between the music, text, performers, audience, and space that all can contribute to a great performance. Overwhelming majority of the audience does not realize so much can be looked at during a single performance. At a performance by the University of Maryland Marching Band I was able to analyze the Musical Sound, Contexts of the Performance, and Interpretation of the Performance. When analyzing musical sound there are many factors to pay attention to during the performance. Important things to listen for are the pitch, scale, timbre, tone quality, rhythm, melody, and form. While listening to the Marching Band the pitch of the performance varied. At some moments during the performance the pitch would sound low and that is when the bass instruments are heard. The pitch sounded high when the other instruments joined. Using a standard pitch enables a large number of instruments to be played together with out sounding out of tune. In many musical traditions people are not concerned with a standard pitch, and they tune instruments to sound well with other instruments for a specific occasion or even to suit the convenient level for a singer (Kaemmer:58). A pitch also contains intervals, which refers to the difference between tones of two different pitches. An example would be the octave, it represents two tones the bands performance had an octave. The marching band used a chromatic scale because of all the instruments and in a chromatic scale there are twelve notes within an octave. This allows the other members of the band to join in the middle of a piece and still sound the same and in tune. When dealing with a large number of instruments very general and basic scales and pitches should be used. During the performance there were many overtones and one fundamental tone, which deals with the timbre and tone quality. The overtones produce additional sounds that enable us to distinguish between different instruments even when they are sounding the same pitch(Kaemmer:60). The tone quality of the performance was very good. The music sounded evenly distributed and it was very easy to hear the sounds of the various instruments. The band played two songs and one song had a slow rhythm and the other had a faster rhythm. Rhythm means more than a basic beat (Kaemmer:65). During the performance there was a steady rhythm. Also during the performance there was a section of the song that sounded different and after about ten seconds the song goes back to its previous sound. That sound was a melody. Melodies are combination of pitches and rhythm patterns that produce a distinctive line of sound (Kaemmer:62). When the band first began to play the song started in a low tone and the music began to escalate and it reached a climax where the loudness of the performance was at its peak. Once at its peak the music began to get softer and lower. This is an example of a linear form of the performance. Linear form means a performance having a definite beginning and ending. The overall musical sound of the performance was delightful and pleasing to the ears. The context of a musical performance is another key part of any performance. The occasion of the performance was the University of Maryland Halftime Homecoming show. The band members wore white, yellow, red, and black uniforms. They all wore hats with the exception of flag dancers and dancers. The dancers wore tight stretch outfits and the flag dancers carried flags and the other dancers had pom-poms. The dancers followed their own routine but always staying in tune with the marching band. The band had several instruments, which included: drums, clarinet, flute, saxophone, tenor saxophone, trumpet, tuba, bells, triangle, and more. The kinesics was very military and uniform. The crowds reaction seemed to be disinterested. The noise and a rush to get to snack bar, the social context seemed to lack social involvement. .uc336641408f9b6f99dab642e08a17908 , .uc336641408f9b6f99dab642e08a17908 .postImageUrl , .uc336641408f9b6f99dab642e08a17908 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc336641408f9b6f99dab642e08a17908 , .uc336641408f9b6f99dab642e08a17908:hover , .uc336641408f9b6f99dab642e08a17908:visited , .uc336641408f9b6f99dab642e08a17908:active { border:0!important; } .uc336641408f9b6f99dab642e08a17908 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc336641408f9b6f99dab642e08a17908 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc336641408f9b6f99dab642e08a17908:active , .uc336641408f9b6f99dab642e08a17908:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc336641408f9b6f99dab642e08a17908 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc336641408f9b6f99dab642e08a17908 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc336641408f9b6f99dab642e08a17908 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc336641408f9b6f99dab642e08a17908 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc336641408f9b6f99dab642e08a17908:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc336641408f9b6f99dab642e08a17908 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc336641408f9b6f99dab642e08a17908 .uc336641408f9b6f99dab642e08a17908-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc336641408f9b6f99dab642e08a17908:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Gun Control Discursive Essay The context of a performance is particularly helpful in the study of music ( HerndonMcleod 1981:25). The crowds lack of interest in .

Toyota Competitive Strategies Essay Example

Toyota Competitive Strategies Paper Competitive  Strategy Asia-Pacific Marketing Federation Certified Professional Marketer Copyright Marketing Institute of Singapore Outline * Introduction * Sustainable  competitive  advantage (SCA) * Sources of SCA * Strategies for * Market Leaders * Challengers * Followers, and * Nichers Introduction Having a  competitive  advantage  is necessary for a firm to compete in the market * But what is more important is whether the  competitiveadvantage is sustainable * A firm must identify its position relative to the competition in the market * By knowing if it is a leader, challenger, follower or nicher, it can adopt appropriate strategies to compete Sustainable  Competitive  Advantage * A good strategist seeks not only to â€Å"win the hill, but hold on to it. †Ã‚  Ã‚  Subash Jain * Sustaining  competitive  advantage requires erecting barriers against the competition * Aakers suggested looking at the following: How you compete * Basis of competition * Where you compete * Whom you are competing against Examples of SCA * For many years, Singapore Airlines were riding on its SCA of having the best in-flight service * As more airlines improved their service and   narrowed the gap, SIA sought othercompetitive  advantages among which are * The most modern fleet * Outstanding Service on the Ground * A super entertainment system in its cabins * Comfort in its First Class cabins at an unparallel level * Discuss whether the later initiatives had been sustainable We will write a custom essay sample on Toyota Competitive Strategies specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Toyota Competitive Strategies specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Toyota Competitive Strategies specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Sun Tze’s defensive  strategy â€Å"Do not assume the enemy will not come but be prepared for his coming†¦ Do not presume he will not attack, but instead make your own position unassailable. † Sun Tze’s Offensive Strategies * Overt-offensive  strategy * To knock out a business rival so as to take over his company * To knock out a competing product so as to take over its market share * Covert-offensive  strategy * Keep as low a profile as possible while making offensive moves Strategies for Market Leaders Market Leader’s objectives: * Expand the total market by * Finding new users Creating new uses, and * Encouraging more usage * Protect its current market share by * Adopting defense strategies (see following slides) * Increase its market share * Note the relationship between market share and profitability Which  strategy  to use? Depends on your answer to the following: * Is it worth fighting? * Are you strong enough to fight? * How strong i s your defense? * Do you have any choice but to fight? Defense  Strategy * A market leader should generally adopt a defense  strategy * Six commonly used defense strategies * Position Defense * Mobile Defense Flanking Defense * Contraction Defense * Pre-emptive Defense * Counter-Offensive Defense Defense  Strategy  (cont’d) Position Defense * Least successful of the defense strategies * â€Å"A company attempting a fortress defense will find itself retreating from line after line of fortification into shrinking product markets. †Ã‚   Saunders (1987) * e. g. Mercedes was using a position defense  strategy  untilToyota  launched a frontal attack with its Lexus. Defense  Strategy  (cont’d) Mobile Defense * By market broadening and diversification * For marketing broadening, there is a need to Redefine the business (principle of objective), and * Focus efforts on the competition (the principle of mass) * e. g. Legend Holdings, the top China PC maker Legend has announced a joint venture with AOL to broaden its business to provide Internet services in the mainland Defense  Strategy  (cont’d) Flanking Defense: * Secondary markets (flanks) are the weaker areas and prone to being attacked * P ay attention to the flanks * e. g. San Miguel introduced a flanking brand in the Philippines, Gold Eagle, as a defense against APB’s Beerhausen Defense  Strategy  (cont’d) Contraction Defense * Withdraw from the most vulnerable segments and redirect resources to those that are more defendable * By planned contraction or strategic withdrawal * e. g. India’s TATA Group sold its soaps and detergents business units to Unilever in 1993 Defense  Strategy  (cont’d) Pre-emptive Defense * Detect potential attacks and attack the enemies first * Let it be known how it will retaliate * Product or brand proliferation is a form of pre-emptive defense e. g. Seiko has over 2,000 models Defense  Strategy  (cont’d) Counter-Offensive Defense Responding to competitors’ head-on attack by identifying the attacker’s weakness and then launch a counter attack * e. g. Toyota  launched the Lexus to respond to Mercedes attack Market Challenger Strategies The market challengers’ strategic objective is to gain market share and to become the leader eventually How? * By attacking the market leader * By attacking other firms of the same size * By attacking smaller firms Market Challenger Strategies (cont’d) Types of Attack Strategies * Frontal attack * Flank attack * Encirclement attack * Bypass attack * Guerrilla attack Frontal Attack * Seldom work  unless The challenger has sufficient fire-power (a 3:1 advantage) and staying power, and * The challenger has clear distinctive advantage(s) * e. g. Japanese and Korean firms launched frontal attacks in various ASPAC countries through quality, price and low cost Flank attack * Attack the enemy at its weak points or blind spots i. e. its flanks * Ideal for challenger who does not have sufficient resources * e. g. In the 1990s, Yaohan attacked Mitsukoshi and Seibu’s flanks by opening numerous stores in overseas markets Encirclement attack * Attack the enemy at many fronts at the same time Ideal for challenger having superior resources * e. g. Seiko attacked on fashion, features, user preferences and anything that might interest the consumer Bypass attack * By diversifying into unrelated products or markets neglected by the leader * Could overtake the leader by using new technologies * e. g. Pepsi use a bypass attack  strategy  against Coke in China by locating its bottling plants in the interior provinces Guerrilla attack * By launching small, intermittent hit-and-run attacks to harass and destabilize the leader * Usually use to precede a stronger attack e. g. airlines use short promotions to attack the national carriers especially when passenger loads in certain routes are low Which Attack  Strategy  should a Challenger Choose? Use a combination of several strategies to improve market share over time Market-Follower Strategies * Theodore Levitt in his article,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Innovative Imitation†Ã‚  argued that a product imitation  strategy  might be just as profitable as a product innovation  strategy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  e. g. Product innovationSony Product-imitationPanasonic Market-Follower Strategies (cont’d) Each follower tries to bring distinctive advantages to its target marketlocation, services, financing * Four broad follower strategies: * Counterfeiter (which is illegal) * Cloner e. g. the IBM PC clones * Imitator e. g. car manufacturers imitate the style of one another * Adapter e. g. many Japanese firms are excellent adapters initially before developing into challengers and eventually leaders Market-Nicher Strategies * Smaller firms can avoid larger firms by targeting smaller markets or niches that are of little or no interest to the larger firms   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  e. g. Logitechmice Microbrewersspecial beers Market-Nicher Strategies (cont’d) * Nichers must create niches, expand the niches and protect them * e. g. Nike constantly created new nichescycling, walking, hiking, cheerleading, etc * What is the major risk faced by nichers? * Market niche may be attacked by larger firms once they notice the niches are successful Multiple Niching â€Å"[A] firm should `stick to its niching’ but not necessarily to its niche. That is why multiple niching is preferable to single niching. By developing strength in two or more niches the company increases its chances for survival. † Philip Kotler

Free Essays on Pope John XXIII

Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli or Pope John XXIII Was born in 1881, the third of thirteen children in a peasant family in Sotto il Monte, near Bergamo. yet due to his intelligence he was able to get out .He was sponsored for an education at the Bergamo seminary, which carried out a severe religious training. When Roncalli was ordained, in 1904, the Church was fearful and inward looking. In 1871, with the loss of the Papal States to the modern nation of Italy and the restriction of Vatican sovereignty to its current borders, Pope Pius IX was very concerned and in this state of mind, he had forbidden Italy's Catholics from taking any part in national politics. Roncalli's first assignment as a priest was as secretary to the new Bishop of Bergamo, Giacomo Radini-Tedeschi. Bishop Radini-Tedeschi was a reformer who sought to re-involve the Church in the world. In August of 1915 it was discovered that Radini-Tedeschi had cancer. Pope Pius XII died on October 9, 1958, and the conclave began two weeks later. Roncalli was elected on the twelfth ballot, taking the name John XXIII. It was rumored that the top choice was really Giovanni Battista Montini; but he was considered unelectable because he was not yet a cardinal . Many believed that John had been elected as a papa di passagio, a transitional pope. He was seventy-seven years old. The first session of the Council dealt with liturgical reform and voted to allow Mass to be said in the vernacular; and proposed a reactionary, divisive schema defining the sources of revelation. When the schema was rejected by slightly less than the needed two-thirds majority of the bishops, John intervened personally to order a new commission to redraft it. By the end of the first session, he was dying of stomach cancer. On November 27, 1961, he suffered a massive intestinal hemorrhage. The Vatican press office issued a report that he had a bad cold; rumors flew around Rome that he was already dead and that ... Free Essays on Pope John XXIII Free Essays on Pope John XXIII Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli or Pope John XXIII Was born in 1881, the third of thirteen children in a peasant family in Sotto il Monte, near Bergamo. yet due to his intelligence he was able to get out .He was sponsored for an education at the Bergamo seminary, which carried out a severe religious training. When Roncalli was ordained, in 1904, the Church was fearful and inward looking. In 1871, with the loss of the Papal States to the modern nation of Italy and the restriction of Vatican sovereignty to its current borders, Pope Pius IX was very concerned and in this state of mind, he had forbidden Italy's Catholics from taking any part in national politics. Roncalli's first assignment as a priest was as secretary to the new Bishop of Bergamo, Giacomo Radini-Tedeschi. Bishop Radini-Tedeschi was a reformer who sought to re-involve the Church in the world. In August of 1915 it was discovered that Radini-Tedeschi had cancer. Pope Pius XII died on October 9, 1958, and the conclave began two weeks later. Roncalli was elected on the twelfth ballot, taking the name John XXIII. It was rumored that the top choice was really Giovanni Battista Montini; but he was considered unelectable because he was not yet a cardinal . Many believed that John had been elected as a papa di passagio, a transitional pope. He was seventy-seven years old. The first session of the Council dealt with liturgical reform and voted to allow Mass to be said in the vernacular; and proposed a reactionary, divisive schema defining the sources of revelation. When the schema was rejected by slightly less than the needed two-thirds majority of the bishops, John intervened personally to order a new commission to redraft it. By the end of the first session, he was dying of stomach cancer. On November 27, 1961, he suffered a massive intestinal hemorrhage. The Vatican press office issued a report that he had a bad cold; rumors flew around Rome that he was already dead and that ...

History, Lyndon Johnsons Great Society Research Paper

History, Lyndon Johnsons Great Society - Research Paper Example Banes only had 11 months to prove himself to Americans that he was a true leader that America wanted. Johnson used his persuasion skill to have the civil rights bill which prohibited unfairness based on race and gender employment and further ended public facilities segregation passed. Johnson used the name â€Å"Great Society† to describe his reform program when after he declared war on poverty and this further intensified when he won a decisive victory over Barry Goldwater of Arizona. Economically, he pushed for the economic activity of 1964, which was aimed at fighting poverty, cutting tax, training for the poor and use of federal funds to attack unemployment and illiteracy.2 Indeed, Lyndon’s three years in power proved his sheer determination and hard work which he undoubtedly surprised liberals. Johnson successfully provided support for elementary and secondary schooling by allowing funds to be used in helping both public and private schools. Furthermore, an Omnibus housing act gave rent supplements for the less privileged in the society and provided funds to construct low-income housing. He additionally addressed transportation safety matters by signing two important transportation bills.3 During Johnson’s reign, American liberalism was at high tide due to a number of signed acts that greatly empowered the citizen. Some of the additional signed acts are wilderness protection act that saved almost 9.1 million acres of forestland from industrial development as well as the immigration act that ended discriminatory quotas based on ethnic origin. Besides, there was the national endowment for the arts and humanities, which allowed the use of public money to fund artists and galleries thus promoting art and creativity among the talented populace that could not afford to sponsor themselves.

LL1014C CRIMINAL LAW I Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

LL1014C CRIMINAL LAW I - Case Study Example Murder is the specific intent crime and manslaughter is the basic intent crime. If he does not convicted under murder then he will be charged under constructive manslaughter. A person will be liable for murder if he unlawfully killing a reasonable person who is in being under the Queen's Peace with intention to kill [Moloney1, Cunningham 2, Vickers 3] or intention to cause grievous bodily harm [DPP v Smith 4], [Saunders 5]. Murder is unlawful homicide committed with 'malice aforethought' with the penalty of mandatory life imprisonment. 'Malice aforethought' describes the mens rea for a conviction of murder. In this question, Alan's intention was to kill Clive and Betty. May be he will charged under murder. However, if Alan does not convicted under murder then he will be charged under constructive manslaughter. The substance of this offence is that if he kills Clive in the course of doing an unlawful act or constructive manslaughter provided such act is not justified. Thus the 'unlawful act' must satisfy the criteria. Unlawful act must be more than merely negligent act (Andrew v DPP6). In Andrew, D had been driving dangerously s when he killed the deceased. Dennis, an old friend from the pub, staggers over to Alan and gives him a hard slap on the back. Alan stumbles whilst pulling the trigger and shoots a paraffin lamp on the bar. It ignites and the pub catches fire. The prosecution must prove that the death was caus... Alan may claim that Dennis's act was breaking the chain of causation. He can argue that his act was not legal cause of Clive or Betttty's death. However, the landlord of the pub, Ed, has piled beer crates in front of the fire exits so the only escape is through a narrow door. Clive dies in the fire and Betty collapses in the attempted escape. The accused conduct must be a sine qua non of the prohibited consequence. In R v White7 put cyanide in his mother's drink with intent to kill her later his mother was found dead with the glass containing the poisoned drink beside her three parts full. Medical evidence established that she had died of heart failure and not from poisoning. D was acquitted of murder as he had not caused her death and thus there was no actus reus. He was however, convicted of attempted murder. But here Alan's act is legal cause of Clive's death and Dennis's act did not break the chain of causation. Section 1(1) of the Criminal Damage Act 1971 provides that a person who without lawful excuse destroys or damages any property belonging to another intending to destroy or damage any such property or being reckless as to whether any such property would be destroyed or damaged shall be guilty of an offence. Section 1 (3) creates the offence of statutory arson-an offence committed by destroying or damaging property by fire. For the offence to be complete some property must be destroyed or damaged by fire. The damage may of course be quite insignificant (it would be enough, for example, that wood charged) In Cf Parkker8, the court held that no visible flame is necessary. In the Goodfellow9, D was convicted of

Increasing Taxes on Alcohol and Cigarettes Essay Example for Free

Increasing Taxes on Alcohol and Cigarettes Essay †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"Sin taxes† on cigarettes and alcohol are designed to boost revenue, not improve public health †¢Minimum alcohol pricing will exacerbate poverty and entrench inequality without discouraging binge drinking †¢Most of the costs of drinking and smoking fall on individual consumers, not the public. There is no economic justification for increasing taxes on smokers and drinkers. In a report released today, The Wages of Sin Taxes (Download PDF) by Christopher Snowdon, the Adam Smith Institute condemns the government’s decision to increase taxes on cigarettes and alcohol this year and to introduce minimum alcohol pricing. The report argues that ‘sin taxes’ (taxes on commodities seen as harmful to health) are ineffective in reducing consumption and are not necessary for recouping lost revenue. The taxes are highly regressive and force the poor to pay for the government’s mishandling of public finances. The taxes don’t work Cigarette taxes are now so high that increases drive smokers to the black market instead of discouraging consumption or raising more revenue. Sin taxes are more likely to deter moderate users than heavy users, whose demand for cigarettes and alcohol is relatively inelastic. A heavy smoker or an alcoholic is unlikely to reduce consumption because of a price rise, making sin taxes an unreliable way of reducing consumption or improving public health. The victims of cigarette and alcohol duty Sin taxes hit moderate and heavy users alike. Research has shown that previous rises in cigarette tax have made only 2.3% of smokers quit, with the other 97.7% just paying more in tax. Taxes on cigarettes and alcohol are regressive and hit the poor hardest. The average smoker spends  £1660 a year on cigarettes – 20% of the bottom 10%’s income. Sin taxes are the most regressive indirect taxes, as they tend to target products that are disproportionately consumed by the poor. Minimum alcohol pricing is also deeply regressive, only affecting the cheaper drinks consumed by the poor. Punishing poor people for enjoying a drink or a cigarette exacerbates poverty and treats the poor like children who need to be controlled by the state. The public cost of smoking and drinking Taxes on cigarettes and alcohol have often been justified by studies that claim to estimate the â€Å"social cost† of these vices. These studies include intangible costs borne by individual consumers, such as â€Å"emotional distress†, lost years of life, and individual expenditures on cigarettes and alcohol. These are personal costs, not social costs. They also fail to include the economic benefits the alcohol and cigarette industry gives to the UK in terms of employment and government revenue. Most of these studies should be relegated to the bin of junk statistics. In fact, smokers and heavy drinkers do not cost the state more. Though smokers may cost more during their working lives, but non-smokers require greater expenditure in pensions, nursing care and welfare payments. Chronic diseases associated with old age are far more expensive than the lethal diseases associated with smoking and alcoholism. Smokers and drinkers are not a burden on the state, and the myth of saints subsidising sinners should not be used to justify tax rises. The appeal of ‘sin taxes’ Despite the fact they hurt the poor and do not change consumer consumption, sin taxes have always been popular with governments as a source of revenue. Sin taxes and minimum alcohol pricing should be recognised for what they really are stealth taxes and paternalism designed to control the poor. Chris Snowdon, author of the report and Adam Smith Institute fellow, says: â€Å"Campaigners for sin taxes and minimum pricing often claim that â€Å"healthy citizens† are forced to bear the cost of other people’s lifestyles. In fact, the evidence shows that smokers take less from the communal pot than the average Briton and the money raised from alcohol duty comfortably pays for any burden drinking places on public services. If the aim of policy is to make individuals pay their way, the government should slash the beer tax and subsidise cigarettes. We are not seriously suggesting the government does this, but if politicians insist on increasing taxes on these products, they sh ould admit that the purpose is to raise revenue. Essentially the government is forcing the people who are least likely to live to extreme old age to pay for the escalating costs of an ageing population.

Alcatraz Essay -- essays research papers

Alcatraz: United States Penitentiary 1934-1963 As a result of the Great Depression, a new breed of violent criminals swept the streets of America. In response to the cries of alarmed citizens, Congress enacted a number of statutes, which gave the federal government jurisdiction over certain criminal offenses previously held by the states. With the suggestion of former US Attorney General, Homes Cummings, Congress agreed that a special penal institution of maximum security and minimum privilege be established. In 1934, the legendary US Penitentiary of Alcatraz was born and became the home of Americas most wanted for the next thirty years. Once authorized by Congress, the US Department of Justice acquired control of Alcatraz Island, previously a US Army compound. As the island was redeveloped into a maximum-security prison, seven of its twelve acres were enclosed in a prison compound. The remaining five were set aside for employee residences, apartments, and recreational space. Soon after the redesigning of the old Army fortress, the Alcatraz prison was ready for the grand opening (or better said lockout!). Equipped with four different cellblocks, A, B, C and D, the Rock began its operations on January 2, 1934. Although cellblock A was seldom used, B, C and D provided 378 â€Å"cages† to accommodate the most notorious felons that America could produce. The first of four wardens to take charge of the penitentiary was a retired, professional administrator named James A. Johnston. ...

Americans with Disabilities Act 1

Americans with Disabilities Act The Americans with Disabilities Act Overview of the ADA of 1990 including its intended purpose, and what governmental agency oversees ADA claims The Americans with Disability Act (ADA) of 1990 was enacted by the United States Congress, signed into law by George H. W. Bush on July 26, 1990, and amended in 2009 where some changes were introduced to the act. ADA is a civil rights’ law that was intended to check against discrimination that can be encountered by disabled persons in the course of accessing certain services or taking part in day-to-day activities. It safeguards disabled persons against any form of bias or prejudice with respect to their condition. Whatever falls under category of disability is normally made on case-to-case basis. However, current substance abuse and visual impairment that can be remedied by lenses are not considered as disabilities by the ADA of 1990. The law was initially intended to guarantee civil right protection for people who were permanently disabled and their disabilities could not be reversed or weakened. The law was enacted enable disable persons access services enjoyed by persons who are not disabled thereby opening their horizons to all types of careers. The drafters wanted the law to be flexible to guard against eminent weakening by future case laws. To enable disabled persons enjoy equal rights with everyone else, President G. W. Bush signed ADA Amendments Act (ADAAA) into law on September 2008 (Matt, 1). Title I of the ADA 1990 deals with employment. It empowers people with disability with requisite qualifications to seek for employment in covered entities. People with disabilities can be hired, discharged, compensated, and trained just like any other worker without being discriminated. Agencies that are covered by the law include an employment agencies, labor organizations, and labor management committees. As per Title I, discrimination entails restricting job application in a manner contrary to convention, preventing qualified persons people from applying or taking up job opportunities, or making irrational and illegal job requirements to limit persons with disabilities. If entrance medical examinations have to be done, everybody else should be subjected to the process and the medical records must be treated with a lot of confidentiality. This title does not offer protection to individuals currently engaged in illegal use of drugs (Matt, 1). Title II of the Act deals with Public entities. This title prohibits any form of discrimination that can be met on the people with disability by public entities at local and state levels. Access here implies both physical and pragmatic access. It is supposed to check against discriminatory policies instituted by such public entities. It applies to public transportation that public entities offer (Matt, 1). Title III captures public accommodation and commercial facilities. The title criminalizes discrimination based on disability with special focus on full and equal enjoyment of the goods, services, facilities, or accommodations of any public accommodation by the proprietors, leasers, or operators. Public accommodation here means recreational facilities, lodgings, transportation, educational, and places of public displays. Under this title, all new constructions have to comply with Americans with Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines anchored in the Code of Federal Regulations. This title also applies to existing facilities. Exemptions to the regulation provided in the title include private clubs and religious organizations. However, historical properties and other public and private buildings must comply with the provisions of this title and failure may lead to legal proceedings. However, if following usual standards threaten to destroy historical significance of the feature of the building, they are under obligation to use other standards (Matt, 2). Title IV of the ADA deals with telecommunications. This title amended the Communications Act of 1934. All telecommunication companies are required to cater for the needs of the disabled especially the deaf and those with speech impairment (Matt, 3). Title V of ADA deals with miscellaneous provisions that are basically technical provisions. It also includes anti-retaliation or coercion provisions. Many government agencies act in concert to ensure that the ADA of 1990 is implemented. The United States Equal Employment Opportunity Commission presides over employment related ADA provisions. The Department of Transportation regulates statutes related transportation. Other agencies include United States Department of Agriculture, Department of labor, Department of Education, United States Department of Interior, United States Department of Housing and Urban Development, United States Department of Health and Human Services, and Federal Communications Commission (Matt, 4). Statutory definition of â€Å"disability† and â€Å"reasonable accommodation† under the ADA of 1990 The ADA Act of 1990 defines disability as an impairment that substantially limits major life activity. ADA defines impairment as a physiological disorder or condition, cosmetic disfigurement, anatomical, neurological, musculoskeletal, respiratory, cardiovascular, reproductive losses. The Act further defines impairment as a mental or psychological disorder. Nevertheless, the explanations of impairment under the ADA regulation do not include physical traits, common personality traits, cultural and economic aspects as these elements come naturally and cannot be altered by man (Matt, 1). The Act excludes certain statutory requirements while trying to define disability like those currently using illegal drugs. Emotional acts such as thought, focus, and making contact with others also make up major life activities in reference to the EEOC. The phrase substantially limits features in the ADA definition of disability. An impairment on qualifies to be a disability if it limits life activities. For an impairment to be referred to as a disability, a person must be meaningfully limited in his or her competency to undertake certain activities relative to the average person drawn from the general public. Some of the very essential aspects to consider in this area are nature and extent of the disability, the time interval that the persons has been disabled, and how the impairment affects the individual’s ability to partake in everyday tasks (Acemoglu and Angrist 920). Reasonable accommodation in the ADA of 1990 protects persons with disabilities by ensuring that other than provision of physical access to buildings and provision of equal access to programs and services, this category of citizens access auxiliary services, aids, and removal of barriers in public utilities provided that this does not create undue administrative or financial burdens. The ADA 1990 defines reasonable ccommodation to entail â€Å"making existing facilities used by employees readily accessible and usable by disabled persons, job restructuring, part time or modified work schedules, re-advertisement to vacant person, acquisition or modification of equipment or devices and appropriate adjustment or modification of examination† (Matt, 5). Discuss the Supreme Court's decisions in Sutton and Toyota Manufacturing In Williams’s case, The Supreme Court visited the question of severity of a condition that qualifies it to be a protected disability. The Supreme Court held that the employee’s medical condition known as carpal tunnel syndrome was not a disability because it was not substantially limiting. It was further stated that for an impairment to be referred to as a disability, it has to prevent or severely restrict a person from undertaking in tasks that are of essential value to a person in everyday life. The court underscored the need for strict interpretation of the phrase ‘’substantially limits. ’ The ruling in Williams’s case brought into fore the inability of ADA to accommodate cases characterized by dismissal of many disability cases (Raddatz, 2). In Sutton v. United Airlines, the plaintiff sued for discriminative acts by a potential employer. In the case, the plaintiffs were two twin myopic sisters who had applied for employment as commercial pilots but their request was rejected because they did not attain the minimum value for uncorrected eyesight. The Supreme Court held that the question of whether somebody is disabled and thus be protected by ADA must be looked at with reference to all mitigating measures. For instance, if a person is severely limited in undertaking day-to-day activities without medical intervention but is only slightly limited to undertaking these tasks after medical interventions, the medical intervention serves to negate the impairment from being referred to as a disability as outlined in the ADA (Raddatz, 1). The ADAAA of 2008 including its intended purpose and significant changes from the ADA of 1990 The ADAAA 2008 is an Act of the Congress that went into operation on January 1, 2009. It amended the ADA of 1990 and other nondiscrimination laws that were drafted for the good of people with disability at state and federal levels. The amendment was introduced with respect to myriad Supreme Court rulings on ADA 1990. THE Supreme Court decisions were viewed by the members of the United States Congress as limiting the rights of people with disabilities (Schall, pp. 192). The ADAAA indeed reversed those decisions. With respect to ADA Title I, ADAAA changed the definition of disability. It clarified and broadened its definition. One notable contribution of this amendment is to take into consideration of both the employer and employee. With ADAAA 2008, courts are expected to interpret ADA and other Federal disability non-discrimination laws and determine whether the covered entity has discriminated. This law preserves the original meaning definition of law as written in the ADA but alters the way that statutory term should be construed (Matt, 5). Legal analysis of Billy and Mandy's requests applying both the ADA and ADAAA Based on the Americans with Disability Act of 1990, Mandy’s request should not be honored because she is not substantially limited in her daily activities without using medical interventions like consulting an optician to initiate corrective measures to remedy far sightedness. However, with the ADAAA, her request should be granted because the Act prohibits consideration of medication and low vision devices in determining whether a condition is a disability. Billy Beer’s request has to be granted because according to the Reasonable Accommodation and from the definition of disability in Title I, Billy’s condition is covered and indeed considered a disability. Moreover, ADAAA prioritizes discrimination initiated by covered entity as opposed to whether the person seeking protection under law has impairment that fits the statutory definition of disability. Works Cited Acemoglu, Daron and Angrist, Joshua D. Consequences of Employment Protection? The Case of the Americans with Disabilities Act. Journal of Political Economy 109(6), 2001, 915–957. Matt, Susan. Reasonable Accommodation: What does the Law Really Require. Journal of the Association of Medical Professionals with hearing Loses, 1(1), 2003, 1-13 Raddatz, Alissa. ADA Amendments overrule Supreme Court Decisions on What Constitutes Disability. 2009. Web. 3 Dec. 2011. Schall, Carol M. The Americans with Disabilities Act—Are We Keeping Our Promise? An Analysis of the Effect of the ADA on the Employment of Persons with Disabilities. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation 10(9), 1998, 191-203.

Resume [Utp Template] - 1448 Words

Muhammad ‘Ammar bin Kassim B. Eng (Hons) Mechanical Engineering [Majoring in Material] Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP) 7th August 2010 Dear Sir/Madam, APPLICATION FOR CAREER OPPORTUNITY Your company’s milestone and achievement in the industry really impresses me, and your philosophy of encouraging career professional development is something I value. Thus, I am writing to apply for a career opportunity in your reputable company. I am currently in my final semester and will be graduating on December 2010. 2. On my previous work experiences, I have been attached at Syarikat Air Melaka Berhad (SAMB) for 8 months (June 2009-January 2010) at Mechanic and Mechanical Section as Mechanic and Mechanical Personnel. My main job scopes there were†¦show more content†¦My FYP entitled Residual Stress Measurement using X-ray Diffraction (XRD). This is the pioneer project of Residual Stress Measurement using XRD. This project involve of laboratory work and research on specimen which is mild steel. A necessary knowledge in Material Science is a must especially in structure of metals. The laboratories used are mechanical, material, t hermal, and x-ray. The research involves of reading books, journals and texts. I am driving a boat at Durian Tunggal Dam GENERAL SKILLS COMPUTER SKILLS ï‚ § ï‚ § ï‚ § ï‚ § ï‚ § ï‚ § Proficient in written and spoken English and Bahasa Melayu Good interpersonal, communication and technical writing skills. Good understanding on mechanical related studies and mathematics. Able to lead, work in team and work independently with commitment. Basic Astronomy and telescope installation. Computer/Software Skills: - Borland C++ 5.02 - Mathworks MATLAB 7.0 - Windows Movie Maker With Robotic Telescope at KFAK PROJECT EXPERIENCE SUBJECTS Engineering Team Project (ETP) DESCRIPTION This project entitled Intergrated Energy Saving System and consist of six member per team from different engineering discipline. This project successfully visualize the concept of environmentally office that use low consumption of electricity. This project has won silver medal at Engineering Design Exhibition (EDX). SOFTWARE USED ï‚ · ï‚ · Autodesk AutoCAD 2004 Microsoft Office (Word, Excel, Publisher Powerpoint) Heat Transfer Teamwork